What's the Plan? New report on premarital cohabitation in first marriages (2010 to 2019)

Galena Rhoades and I have a new report out on premarital cohabitation, published by The Institute for Family Studies. 

You can get it here. 

Three Studies Published on the Family Expectations Program In the Last 12 Months

Family Expectations is a program for lower income, expectant parents (or those who recently had a baby) in Oklahoma City that has been the subject of three large, randomized controlled trials. 

We have published three papers to date on the most recent findings from an evaluation of this program. The links here will take you to full versions of articles that can be read online (1 & 3) or downloaded (2).

Impact evaluation of the Family Expectations program and moderation by sociodemographic disadvantage

 

Changes in couple, parenting, and individual functioning following Family Expectations program participation

 

The Stable Low‐Conflict Index: A policy‐relevant outcome in government‐funded relationship education efforts

 

News Article Updating Progress on Government Funded Relationship Education Programs

 If you are interested in the relationship education field, you may like reading this timely update at: DeseretNews

 

Are you letting fears about the future damage your future?

Here’s a post of mine you may find interesting. 

“SkyFall”: How Fears About the Future Limit the Life we Live

  

Webinar for Dibble Institute: Recording now available

I did a webinar for the Dibble Institute on January 12, 2020. It is available online: 

https://www.dibbleinstitute.org/event/webinar-sliding-vs-deciding-commitment-ambiguity-and-relationship-formation/

I also wrote detailed responses to questions asked during the webinar that were not covered during it. That is available here: 

https://www.dibbleinstitute.org/wp-new/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Stanley-Q-A-Dibble-Webinar.pdf

Below, I have placed links to a bunch of posts on themes covered in the webinar. 

A 2018 post on trends in cohabitation based on new data from the CDC released at that time.

https://slidingvsdeciding.blogspot.com/2018/07/cohabitation-is-common-update-on-trends.html

An overview of the inertia hypothesis and why living together before marriage may not provide the benefits that most people expect. 

http://slidingvsdeciding.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-mystery-why-isnt-living-together.html

A post reviewing the inertia theory with scores of links related to the idea that cohabitation increases inertia, which, for some couples, makes it harder to leave before they had worked out a commitment to the future together. 

https://slidingvsdeciding.blogspot.com/2018/03/citations-for-tests-of-inertia_26.html

A fun, engaging video from the team at PREP on inertia. 

On YouTube: Relationship DUI

https://youtu.be/yPOSG5l_bY4

Two articles on the research by Rosenfeld and Roesler that shook up the assumption that cohabitation before marriage no longer leads to increased risk in marriage. 

https://ifstudies.org/blog/premarital-cohabitation-is-still-associated-with-greater-odds-of-divorce

https://ifstudies.org/blog/is-cohabitation-still-linked-to-greater-odds-of-divorce

dMotivated Ambiguity: Is this a date or not?

http://slidingvsdeciding.blogspot.com/2014/01/motivated-ambiguity.html

Weak and Strong Links: Asymmetrical Commitment in Unmarried Relationships

https://ifstudies.org/blog/weak-and-strong-links-asymmetrical-commitment-in-unmarried-relationships

Links to papers and articles related to asymmetrical commitment

https://slidingvsdeciding.blogspot.com/2019/01/some-links-about-asymmetrical-commitment.html

 

You can lower your risk of divorce. Advice to singles

http://slidingvsdeciding.blogspot.com/2015/03/you-can-lower-your-risk-of-divorce.html

 

Searching for "The One": Mate Selection in this Modern World

http://slidingvsdeciding.blogspot.com/2016/05/searching-for-one-mate-selection-in.html

Attachment and the Perfect Storm. A piece speculating about the difficulties for forming attachment in an ambiguous relationship world.

http://slidingvsdeciding.blogspot.com/2012/03/attachment-and-perfect-storm.html

National Guard or Reserve Couples: Information on a study with free access to online relationship education program and coaching

A National Guard Chaplain is seeking couples in the Reserves or National Guard for a study of an online relationship education program (ePREP). This study is a great opportunity for a Guard or Reserve couple interested in putting in a little effort in their home to strengthen their relationship. With the study, a couple can participate in ePREP at no cost and also get paid for participating in the study.

 

Paul Lepley is a National Guard chaplain and Ph.D. candidate at Michigan State University. He is conducting this study of the six-hour, online Prevention and Relationship Education Program (ePREP). To participate in the study, one or both partners should be in the Reserves or National Guard (can be married, cohabiting, or engaged). In addition to taking part in the online program, couples will receive four 20-minute skills coaching sessions (virtually). Couples will receive up to $150 for completing three surveys (pre, post, & follow-up) and taking part in a focus group. The program and coaching sessions are at no charge.

 

Couples can register for the study at: www.lovetakeslearning.com/rcc

 

Please pass along this information. 

[Disclosure: I have an affiliation with PREP (a co-owner), which puts out ePREP. This is an independent study by Chaplain Lepley of ePREP, specifically with Guard and Reserve couples.]

Couple Identity: The Mystery of Me, You, and Us

 

The concepts of we-ness and couple identity arise throughout philosophy, literature, poetry, and social science. I mostly want to describe the latter, but I will first briefly touch on a couple of the more ancient takes.

 

Genesis 2 describes how Adam and Eve will be “united and become one flesh.” Although that line is preeminently describing the physical union, the passage resonates deeply with so many because of the implication of a deeper bond. Aristotle wrote, “Love is composed of a single soul inhabiting two bodies.” This goes further than two becoming one. As the writer of philosiblog notes, Aristotle was most likely inspired to write that based on the ideas of his mentor, Plato, who wrote that humans were originally made with two heads, two faces, and four arms and legs. Setting aside other complexities in Plato’s view, he writes that this initial version of humans was a threat to the gods, so Zeus had them split in two. The now half-not-whole beings were consigned to spend their days searching for their other half.

 

Both of these ancient thoughts hover around the nature of individuality and oneness, but the nuances and traditions around them are different in how they relate to views of mating, love, and marriage. In one view, two identities were intentionally created with the idea that they would seek to be one in core aspects of life. In the other, one entity was split into two for the express purpose of inflicting a weakness. There are doubtless many variations of these ideas in every culture that ever existed.

 

As these and other themes suggest, there is a fundamental human drive to seek and be in a relationship that has this quality of “us.” To join with another. Beyond this central fact, there are healthier and less healthy views of what “becoming us” can be like. Here, I describe how this notion arises in my field of the study of commitment in intimate relationships.

 

We-ness

 

I first heard the term “we-ness” in graduate school. That was awhile ago but well after Aristotle wrote things down. In talking with other research psychologists about relationships, the term would come up from time to time, denoting a relationship where two people had formed a depth of connection that supported a sense of shared identity.

 

When I turned my focus to the study of commitment in 1983, I found supporting ideas consistently arising in that literature. Harold Kelley and John Thibaut described how two partners who were growing in interdependence would move from having only individual goals to developing a view of the future based on joint outcomes. [i] They called this “transformation of motivation.” Although they almost never used the word “commitment,” what they were describing was the psychological formation of it. Similarly, George Levinger noted that ‘‘as interpersonal involvement deepens, one’s partner’s satisfactions and dissatisfactions become more and more identified with one’s own.”[ii] Social exchange theorists such as Cook and Emerson discussed how the “transformation” from me to we changed a relationship from an exchange market where two individuals were competitors to a non-competitive relationship that could maximize joint outcomes.[iii] One is no longer seeking (only) individual gains from the other, but something for us as a team.

 

I came to view commitment between two partners as the condition where there has emerged a strong sense of “us with a future.”

 

One of the most influential scholars in the field of commitment in psychology was Caryl Rusbult, who, along with her many colleagues[iv], framed and refined a theory of interdependence drawn largely from the work of other interdependence theorists such as Thibaut, Kelley, and Levinger. Her early work focused was on how commitment developed in relationships, with increasing mutual investments, curtailing of attention to alternatives, and a deepening desire for a future with the partner. It was in a publication in 1998 by Agnew, Van Lange, Rusbult, and Langston[v] that I first noticed a writer in social science using the term “we-ness.” They used the term in contrasting friendships and romantic relationships, suggesting that because sexuality was in play in the latter, there was a stronger possibility of two individuals merging into one in a way that fostered we-ness. Not really that far from the ideas of the ancients.

 

In 1986, I had developed a set of measures for assessing commitment in romantic relationships, dividing the world—as had the sociologist Michael Johnson[vi] before me—into the broad themes of dedication and constraint. I described subconstructs of those two dimensions and developed measures of them that Howard Markman and I published in 1992.[vii]

 

I defined couple identity as “the degree to which an individual thinks of the relationship as a team, in contrast to viewing it as two separate individuals, each trying to maximize individual gains.” In trying to assess whether or not a person had a sense of a shared identity with their partner, some of the items go right to the concept of “me” vs “we.” For example:

 

I like to think of my partner and me more in terms of "us" and "we" than "me" and "him/her".

 

Or, in the reverse:

 

            I want to keep the plans for my life somewhat separate from my partner's plans for life.

 

We-ness and Me-ness in Modern Times

 

Discussions of we-ness raise concerns about psychological enmeshment. In discussions with others in psychology, the term “we-ness” always arose as a positive thing, and a characteristic of a thriving relationship. If a relationship was otherwise safe and healthy, we-ness was good, but the dark side of the coin is enmeshment, which implies the obliteration of one or both identities in some manner.

 

I have long described a healthy sense of a couple identity with images. These are just a few of the possibilities.

 

 

The top left image is one of many possible depictions of enmeshment. One person’s identity is absorbed into the other. The top right image reflects two lives being connected but without having developed an identity of us—or at least, not yet. The final image is meant to portray a healthy, clear sense of us, while retaining a clear understanding that there are two separate individuals. Three identities: You, me, us. You could certainly draw versions of the image on the bottom that reflect individual identities that are largely included in the “us” but with parts unshared or less shared, such as about work or deep interests of the individual identities that are not so clearly a part of what the essence of the “us” is. The key point is that, in a strongly committed relationship, there will be some identity of us, and it will have a boundary.

 

In some relationships, there is a painful reality where both the top right and bottom drawings reflect the reality of the relationship, with one partner wanting the former and the other preferring or only capable of the latter. Those are situations where one partner is substantially less committed than the other, and likely a lot less willing to have, develop, or nurture that third identity.

 

Although there is no data that I know of that could directly test this, it seems evident that modernity has fostered ever greater levels of individualism. It is not hard to posit that this complicates the development of relationships characterized by having a shared, couple identity. Yet this is true in the same era in which we also see an emergence (or re-emergence?) of a desire for a relationship of a sort described in a famous line from the movie Jerry Maguire:  “You complete me.” Aristotelian elevator talk, really. That’s not just you and me developing a sense of us, that third identity, it’s “I am not whole without you.”

 

All these ideas touch on the concept of soulmates. There are versions of this idea that are appealing, but I believe it has two problems. First, it implies that there is one perfect match out there for each person. Second, it supports the illusion that finding that person would make love and marriage blissful. But that search becomes formidable, and there are negative effects of holding expectations that your soulmate will complete you in only the most wonderful way. That might be the resolution of the paradox of a growing individualism overlapping with a growing desire to find one’s soulmate. It would take a relationship with astounding gravity to overcome the escape velocity fueled by individualism.

 

There is a healthy idea of we-ness that does not imply either enmeshment or finding perfection in a partner. Not everyone wants we-ness. Some may desire it but avoid it out of problems with attachment that may be directly linked to childhood experiences. But, for those who want the “us” in their life, they will have to look for a relationship with the right balance of me and we, and then invest in protecting it. Two perfect partners are rarely joining as one, but two imperfect partners can get pretty far in life if they nurture the sense of “us with a future.”

 

 

This article first appeared at the blog for the Institute for Family Studies, 6-14-2021. 

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[i] Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. (1978). Interpersonal relations: A theory of interdependence. New York: Wiley.

 

[ii] Levinger, G. (1979).  A social exchange view on the dissolution of pair relationships.  In R.L. Burgess and T.L. Huston (Eds.), Social Exchange in Developing Relationships (pp. 169-193).  New York: Academic Press.

 

[iii] Cook, K.S., & Emerson, R.M. (1978). Power, equity and commitment in exchange networks.  American Sociological Review, 43, 721-739.

 

[iv] There are so many citations emanating from this work, but a couple of classics are: Rusbult, C. E. (1980).  Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations: A test of the investment model.  Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 172-186.; Rusbult, C. E., & Buunk, B. P.  (1993) Commitment processes in close relationships: An interdependence analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 175 204.

 

[v] Agnew, C. R., van Lange, P. A., Rusbult, C. E., & Langston, C. A. (1998). Cognitive interdependence: Commitment and the mental representation of close relationships. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 74, 939-954.

 

[vi] e.g., Johnson, M. P. (1973).  Commitment: A conceptual structure and empirical application.  Sociological Quarterly, 14, 395-406.

 

[vii] Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (1992). Assessing commitment in personal relationships.  Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 595-608. DOI: 10.2307/353245